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Naqib al-ashraf
Naqib al-ashraf (plural: ''nuqaba'' or ''niqabat'') was a governmental post in various Muslim empires denoting the head or supervisor of the descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.〔Damurdashi, ed. Muhammad, p. 43.〕 The descendants of Muhammad were known as ''ashraf'' and throughout Islamic history, the ''ashraf'' organized themselves into large groups, akin to corporations, throughout the various Muslim territories.〔 This was done to ensure their special place in Muslim society and thus maintain their socio-political privileges.〔
The post dated at least to the Mamluk era and was continued by the Ottoman Empire.〔Imber and Kiyotaki, p. 198.〕 During the Ottoman era, there was an imperial ''naqib al-ashraf'' who appointed subordinate provincial ''nuqaba al-ashraf''. The appointments were renewed or changed on annual basis. The official role of the imperial ''naqib al-ashraf'' was to keep updated lists of the ''ashraf'' to distribute to the provincial ''nuqaba al-ashraf'' the goods and funds that they required to administer the affairs of the local ''ashraf'' under their respective jurisdictions.〔 ''Ashraf'' in the Ottoman Empire were accorded special privileges, including personal inviolability, certain tax exemptions and immunity from regular prosecution. In event of a legal complaint against an ''ashraf'' member, the ''naqib al-ashraf'' would prosecute and punish the alleged offender.〔Meriwether, p. 46.〕
The imperial ''naqib al-ashraf'' was typically a member of the ''ashraf'' based in the Ottoman capital of Istanbul.〔 The ''naqib al-ashraf'' played a significant role in the sultanic court ceremonials in Istanbul.〔
==Ottoman era==
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